Human microbiome in health and disease

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The microbiome is the community of microorganisms (such as fungi, bacteria and viruses) that exists in a particular environment.

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These groups of microorganisms are dynamic and change in response to a host of environmental factors, such as exercise, diet, medication and other exposures.

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Unlike the human genome, which only varies slightly among individuals, the human microbiome differs radically.


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Diet, exercise, socioeconomic status, antibiotic use, and even pollution can influence its makeup, with some studies suggesting geography is one of the strongest variables.


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The gut microbiome affects the body from birth and throughout life by controlling the digestion of food, immune system, central nervous system and other bodily processes.


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The microbiome can even influence how the body responds to medical treatment.


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Inflammatory bowel diseases,  ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease, are chronic relapsing intestinal IBD mediated by dysregulated immune responses to resident microbiota.


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Advances in understanding and management of infectious diseases will necessitate a deeper understanding of the microbiome context.


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The emergence of metagenomics has resulted in the generation of vast data sets of microbial genes and pathways present in different body habitats.


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