Two needle-free COVID-19 vaccines that are delivered through the nose or mouth have been approved for use in China and India.
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These mucosal vaccines target thin mucous membranes that line the nose, mouth and lungs.
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More than 100 mucosal vaccines against the disease are in development globally, and about 20 have reached clinical trials in humans.
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India’s vaccine, developed by Bharat Biotech in Hyderabad, is approved as a two-dose primary inoculation, rather than a booster.
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China’s inhaled vaccine, developed by CanSino Biologics in Tianjin, contains the same ingredients as the company’s COVID-19 shot that is already available in the country.
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These vaccines could prime immune cells in the mucous membranes that line cavities in nose/mouth where SARS-CoV-2 enters the body and quickly stop the virus in tracks.
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Mucosal vaccines can prompt a whole-body immune response, but they can also activate immune cells in the mucosal tissue of the nose and respiratory tract.
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At least nine mucosal vaccines are approved for use in people, against pathogens including poliovirus, influenza and cholera.
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Large-scale human trial data on mucosal vaccines in the United States and Europe will take another year or two.